Colloquialism - Definition and Examples in English

An informal expression that is more often used in casual conversation than in formal speech or writing. Colloquialisms are not  substandard or illiterate speech, says  Maity Schrecengost. Rather, they are idioms, conversational phrases, and informal speech patterns often common to a particular region or nationality. Not found everywhere,  colloquialisms are  words and phrases that we learn at home rather than at school (Writing Whizardry, 2010). Etymology:From the Latin, conversation Examples and Observations: Friends of the chancellor revealed that he had described Labour MPs as disappointing numpties, a colloquialism meaning idiots.(Neil Rafferty, Queen Opens a Pricey Piece of Scots History. The Sunday Times, Oct. 10, 2004)Latinas are in oppressive structures. We can fool ourselves, but wed still be getting dumped on.(Felix M. Padilla, The Struggle of Latino/Latina University Students. Psychology Press, 1997)Over and over, I would read her account of the turning point in her career--the night she got her first standing ovation, hours after being dumped by her fiance because she wouldnt quit acting.(K.D. Miller, Standing Up Naked and Turning Around Very Slowly. Writers Talking, ed. by John Metcalf and Claire Wilkshire. Porcupines Quill, 2003)Anyway, the baby calf was standing right underneath its mother, just kind of walking around, and the mother cow took a dump on the baby calfs head.(Stephen Chbosky, The Perks of Being a Wallflower. Pocket Books, 1999)Informal Writing and Speech[O]ver the last generation or so writing has become more informal than it ever was before. The area of highly formal writing has shrunk considerably; it is now confined to state papers, articles in learned publications, commencement addresses (and by no means all of those), legal documents, court decisions, and prefaces to dictionaries. Other writing has become quite hospitable to so-called colloquialisms; it has become more informal, more relaxed, more familiar, more casual.(Theodore Bernstein, The Careful Writer. Simon Schuster, 1995)Three types of commonly used casual language include slang, colloquialisms, and euphemisms. Slang is an informal nonstandard vocabulary, usually made up of arbitrarily changed words. A colloquialism is a local or regional informal dialect or expression. A euphemism substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. When our language is too casual, audiences might not be able to follow the main ideas o f the speech, or they become confused or uncomfortable.(Cindy L. Griffin, Invitation to Public Speaking, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2009)Advice on Using Colloquialisms in WritingIf you use a colloquialism or a slang word or phrase, simply use it; do not draw attention to it by enclosing it in quotation marks. To do so is to put on airs, as though you were inviting the reader to join you in a select society of those who know better.(William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. Longman, 1999)The Force of ColloquialismsSlang or colloquialisms--as the boundaries are blurred these days it is hard to tell which is which--has particularly potent force in describing mental or physical characteristics of our fellow man. Think of somebody who has got the bump, or is potty, or even randy, or saucy, or fly, or bent, or tasty (an adjective susceptible of more than one slang usage), or has become poleaxed, or flattened, or shafted, and one begins to realise how widespread such usages are.(Simon Heffer, Strictly English: The Correct Way to Write . . . and Why It Matters. Random House, 2011)Dated Colloquialisms (1950s)U.S. colloquialisms evolve slowly. Jag, tops, dude stayed around for decades before they began to lose their freshness. But jazz lingo becomes obsolescent almost as fast as it reaches the public ear. A term of high approbation in the swing era was out of this world, in the bop era it was gone, and today it is the greatest or the end. Similarly, a daring performance was hot, then cool, and now is far out.(Far-Out Words for Cats. Time magazine, Nov. 8, 1954)The Lighter Side of ColloquialismsHoward Wolowitz  [on the phone]: Sweetie, uh, listen, I need to go, but Ill see you tonight? Bye-bye. Bye-bye. No, you hang up first. Hello?Raj Koothrappali: Dude, Im glad you finally got a girlfriend, but do you have to do that lovey-dovey stuff in front of those of us who dont?Sheldon Cooper: Actually, he might have to. Theres an economic concept kno wn as a positional good, in which an object is only valued by the possessor because its not possessed by others. The term was coined in 1976 by economist Fred Hirsch to replace the more colloquial but less precise neener-neener.(Simon Helberg,  Kunal Nayyar, and Jim Parsons in The Large Hadron Collision. The Big Bang Theory, 2010)

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising Essay

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising According to the commercial speech doctrine, only deceptive speech that is considered commercial may be regulated. General deceptive speech is not commercial, may not be regulated. When deciding what may and may not be regulated, it is important to understand the subtle differences in what is considered commercial and non commercial speech. An analyzation of false advertising would give further understanding to the notion of commercial speech and how it may be degenerative to a society when untruthful. Commercial Speech According to the Supreme Court, the definition of commercial speech is a â€Å"combination of a core notion surrounded by a penumbral boundary defined on the basis of three†¦show more content†¦Development Commercial speech is typically given limited First Amendment protections; however, there exists two types of commercial speech that are exempt from any protection whatsoever. Advertising that is false, misleading, or deceptive is given no protection by the government. Advertising that show cases unlawful goods or services will also receive zero protection from the government (Pember Calvert, 2011). Doctrine The Commercial Speech Doctrine was developed to outline which protected commercial speech may be regulated. While little to no rights are granted to misleading ads or unlawful goods and services, protected commercial speech may also be subject to regulation if: there is substantial state interest to justify regulation, there is evidence that the regulation directly advances this interest, or there is reasonable fit between the state interest and the government regulation (Pember Calvert, 2011). Before a state decides to regulate commercial speech that has presumed protection under the First Amendment, that state must assert a reasonable cause for wanting to regulate the speech. 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Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout Free Essays

|21 | Coursework R: Mini-Review Topic Selected: Topic 2: â€Å"Skeletal muscle undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the role of satellite cells. † Muscle Cell Regeneration and the Impact of Ageing Introduction: Throughout normal life, skeletal muscles undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several sequential steps. We will write a custom essay sample on Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout or any similar topic only for you Order Now A very important role in this regeneration is played by satellite cells, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle tissues. In this review, we are going to explore the consequences of ageing in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve muscle tissue. Steps involved when skeletal muscle is damaged: The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. When myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes necrosis. The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive; they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site: M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation. Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by activating stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, then muscle repair cannot occur at all. Nevertheless, there must be a balance between insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that fuse together to form multinucleated myotubes. This is regulated by the presence of a number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is ‘remodelling and repair’ and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional recovery of the skeletal muscle. How does this happen? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form. This is so-called fibrosis formation is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functional and contractile apparatus. Figure 1: [pic] Fig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells: Satellite cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells. They are present in muscle tissue in the quiescent form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation. Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice lacking Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activated satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration: Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism. However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that affected regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2: [pic] Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bioscience. org) Conclusion: All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia. Bibliography: Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10: 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia: Mosby. 7: 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) Chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3): 270-272 Satellite Cells. [Online]. Available from: http://www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sc. tm [Accessed 6 December 2011] Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. [Online]. Available from: http://jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 [Accessed 7 December 2011] Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in Biosciences:Advances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. [Online]. Available from: http://www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figur es. htmdoi=yes [Accessed 7 December 2011] Word count: 747 How to cite Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout, Essay examples

Business Responsibility and Sustainability

Question: Discuss about the Business Responsibility and Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: Founded in the year of 1917, Union Carbide Corporation, has been gradually growing as an organization, producing a variety of products, starting with polymers and chemicals, to paints, packaging materials, products of personal care, and many more. The organization had been enjoying an unprecedented success over the last few years, and in fact the earnings of the organization per share rose as much as to 100 per cent, during the years of 1973 to 1982 (Unioncarbide.com 2016). However, as a result of the mishap in Bhopal, which was caused by the organizations pesticide plant, the profit making capacity of the organization was remarkably reduced. Charges were being brought against the management authority of the organization, accusing them of mismanagement, and lack of organized control. As a result, Union Carbide, in order to regain public faith in the organization, had to expand itself to other parts of the world. However, for the successful operation of the business activities in a gl obal environment, the organization must be able to adopt the suitable marketing strategies. Discussion: Role of Cross Cultural Relationship in Stakeholder Relationship In the global environment, despite the convergence of diverse cultures, there are prominent cultural differences, that can be found among the people of different countries. Hence, Union Carbide, if willing to expand itself globally, must adopt a different business strategy, so as to influence the purchasing decision of the foreign consumers. The importance of cross cultural communication in case of global expansion cannot be overstated. Halpert, the President of Private Label Select, who has adequate experience of selling his products abroad, claims that offending a consumers cultural preference can prove to be extremely detrimental to organizational success. In case of global trade, the organization must not only sell innovative products, but should also aim at building good relation with the consumers. When the employees of an organization are aware of the cultural differences, they show respect towards the cultural distinctions. This helps in developing a sense of value and trust among the consumers. It should be remembered, that in case of global trade, an organization not only requires to conduct business with consumers of different cultural backgrounds, but also with employees, from various ethnic backgrounds. Hence, each employee going to work abroad, for Union Carbide, must conduct a genuine research and should undergo rigorous training on the cultural traits of the foreign country. Different countries have distinct corporate cultures. Hence, Union Carbide, in order to conduct a business meeting in another country, must be aware of the business ethics of that country. For example, in German business culture, adherence to strict business rules and a strong sense of punctuality is needed. On the other hand, Asian countries like China and India have a more informal and personal approach to any business meeting. Again, the CEO of Menchies Frozen Yoghurt, Kleinberg attributes his success in international trade, to his adequate knowledge of cultural differenc es of different countries. According to him, one very important consideration every business organization must be aware of is that consumers of each country have a different attitude to the promotion strategy, and hence the organization must be well aware of the suitable method of promoting its product and service in a foreign country (Hofer 2015). Cross cultural relationship is needed to conduct successful business meetings abroad whereby the expatriates of Union Carbide must be equipped to deal with different business customs. Apart from the acquisition of the foreign language, it is very important to deal with non-verbal differences as well. The management authority must have sufficient knowledge about the preferences and needs of the consumers abroad, depending upon which the promotion strategy should be chosen. Union Carbide as an Indian organization, before expanding to the rest of the world, must understand the cultural differences that exist between the people of various countries. The management authority must be aware of the difference in cultural traits and attitudes, of the people of Europe, as compared to those living in the Asian countries. The future market expansion in countries like America can be a highly favourable idea, provided Union Carbide makes sufficient research for developing cross cultural communication, in the foreign environment of the country (Rallapalli et al. 2015). Hofstede had proposed the theory of cultural dimensions, which provides a framework of cross cultural communication, needed in order to conduct business in a foreign region. The management authority of Union Carbide must be well-aware of the basic cultural traits of the inhabitants of the US, so that they can get a fuller and more comprehensive look at the market condition of the rival organizations in America, and the consumer perceptions of an organization. Figure 1: Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of USA (Moran 2014) America scores very high on individualism index, and hence just like most of the European countries, the country will be open to the innovative business idea. As America enjoys a high rate of individualism, the consumers are more willing to adopt new products and to try out new services made available in the country. Union Carbide, as a result, will face less obstacles in opening up the market in America, as far as the question of brand acceptability in a foreign land is concerned. Further, since America scores considerably high on Masculinity index as well, the consumers are extremely venturesome, highly enthusiastic about anything new hitting the market, and absolutely prepared to embrace the product, provided it is a good one. America scores relatively much lower on the scale of Uncertainty Avoidance, and as such the Americans are more tolerant of new business ideas. However, the Americans are very conscientious people, and as such they are driven by the consideration of what is r ight and what is wrong. Keeping this in mind, inclusion of major Corporate Social Responsibility strategy in the business plan as well as the market promotion of the organization can largely benefit Union Carbide, in influencing the consumers purchasing decisions (Bishop et al. 2016). In European countries, the authority of the Union Carbide, can prosper a lot from the introduction of novel and innovative business ideas. Not only the consumers will welcome such innovation in business plans, but even the entrepreneurs are more likely to invest more enthusiastically in new business plans. However, since the Americans are mostly competitive, a highly energetic and positive attitude to business can be very impressive (Verbeke 2013). Unlike US, in India, the organization has a limited opportunity of introducing novel business ideas, as the Indians do not have a very high tolerance for change or risk (Piaget 2013). Failure in a particular project can have an adverse effect on the mindset of the Indians, and so it is highly recommended that before the introduction of a business plan, adequate time is being devoted for conducting the research on the same. While conducting business meetings, the issue of inter-cultural sensitivity is required, as the Indian employees will always prefer a group oriented approach to the business problem, while the Americans will tend to approach a problem from a more individualistic and analytical perspective (Ramesh et al. 2014). Culture in ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) Although any organization works with an ulterior motive of making profit, if any organization declares its desire to devote a part of its revenue to the promotion of a cause, the brand value of the organization increases by many folds (Zaharia et al. 2013). A large number of consumers claim that they are willing to pay higher price for a product if the particular organization is donating its revenue for a grand cause. Thus, the CSR of an organization can largely help in the development of a powerful public image of the organization. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was an unforgettable incident in the history of mankind, whereby the MIC gas from the pesticide plant of Union Carbide, led to a huge, massive destruction of lives and properties (Singh et al. 2013). More than 10,000 lives were lost, and hence the stakeholders of the organization could not save themselves from being accused of negligence shown toward the community as well as the environment. Much of the reputation of the organizatio n got tarnished because of the notorious event, and hence it is highly important for the management authority of the organization, to incorporate the idea of CSR strategy in the business plan of the organization (Costa and Menichini 2013). Figure 2: CSR Activities of an Organization (Haynes et al. 2012) If Union Carbide introduces a set of CSR activities, it will be able to develop its image as a brand that believes in doing business more responsibly. Keeping this in consideration, the company can introduce CSR initiatives in different spheres of its activities. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy has caused excessive environmental degradation, and hence it will be a discreet act if the authority of Union Carbide chooses to invest in some eco-friendly projects. For instance, Google Green was an eco friendly project that was being adopted by Google with the purpose of supporting renewable energy. Similarly, Union Carbide may also invest in initiatives that support fresh and healthy living, water conservation and the use of energy efficient methods of production. The cultivation of a green approach to the business activities, can attract a huge number of consumers, who are instantly fascinated with the thought of buying products from an organization, that produces least impact on the environment. The adoption of this strategy has effectively helped large international organizations, such as Wal-Mart and Woolworths in developing the companys brand image and in drawing the attention of a greater number of consumers. Studies suggest that usually the consumers desire to bring about change in the environment or the community, but 61% of the consumers claim that they want the companies to take the lead (Feldman et al. 2013). Apart from investing in eco friendly projects, the authority of Union Carbide, must also invest in social initiatives that promote community well being and social harmony. Union Carbide, while expanding its market in foreign locations, can easily attract the attention of the consumers, if the company promises to pay a percent of its total revenue obtained from the sale of a product, for some charitable activities. To create a remarkably positive impression of the brand, in the minds of the foreign consumers, the organization may open up a free school, provide irrigational facilities or provide financial assistance for the cause of female empowerment (Raub et al. 2013). The management authority of Union Carbide has decided to expand its market in the foreign locations as well, and hence the adoption of the CSR initiatives shall prove to be highly beneficial. CSR strategies help in the development of the brand value of an organization, and thereby assist in doubling the profit making capacity of the organization. However, it should be remembered that each nation with its distinct cultural trait, has a distinct approach and preference for the CSR initiatives to be undertaken. If Union Carbide is deciding to expand in Canada, it must remember that the Canadians have a deep concern for the issue of environmental conservation. Hence, in Canada, the CSR initiatives should revolve around projects and initiatives that support the cause of water conservation or the control of the emission of harmful gases. On the other hand in India, if the organization decides to devote a considerable amount of its earnings for the promotion of greater social cause, such as providing educational opportunities to impoverished children or investing for water conservation programs, the organization can enjoy a positive brand image much easily (Lee et al. 2012). The appropriate CSR strategies can largely benefit an organization, as the effective adoption and application of the strategies can help Union Carbide, in the retention of its existent employees, the creation of new customers and in the development of the corporate reputation of the organization. At the same time, if the CSR strategies of the organization can contribute to the well-being of the community members, the improvement in their condition can raise their income, which in turn can provide the organization, in enjoying a secure supply chain (berseder et al. 2013). Brand as a Means of International Communication: Cultural diplomacy and international communication are intertwined with the concept of branding. When it comes to international market, the company needs to conduct the marketing communication with great care. Brand definitely puts great impact in international or domestic market. For example, BMW, Louis Vuitton are some brand names that originate in a particular country but are enthusiastically accepted by consumers of other countries. It is due to the increasing impact of globalization that international communication is gaining greater importance. The importance of an effective communication cannot be neglected and thus, it is advisable that Union Carbide will also undertake certain instances that will help the company to develop an international brand image. There are certain factors that might create negative impact or hindrance for a company that has plans for global expansion. The, symbols, design and aesthetics do not transcend international boundaries. For instance, language of the country can be really challenging for the company but a brand can be easily recognized by the people if it holds that level of impact in its respective industrial field. People who are more aware of the origin of the product have greater trust on the product. On one hand, it has a positive impact on the product or company that has intended to go global but at the same time it becomes a challenge for the company to maintain that level of expectation from the consumers (Nyadzayo et al. 2015). The brand creates trust mark on consumers. Brand creates a relationship with the consumers because relationships are built on experiences. A product or a company is able to make good relationship with its consumers only by satisfying their needs and expectations. When the consumers are completely satisfied with the product, it earns the name of a brand. When a positive perception is created on a particular brand, consumers behaviour is bound to produce a positive impact on the sale of the product (Singh 2013). Favourable experiences will produce strong emotion among the consumers and there will be a stage when the consumers will no longer scrutinize the product before making any kind of purchase and will do it in the name of the brand. Advertising and promotion definitely holds great importance in shaping and creating a good image of the brand. There are certain strategies that need to be followed by different companies to product their product as a brand. These strategies vary from product to product to product. In case of Union Carbide, it is expected that the management team would come up with certain planning and try to make a greater impact in creating a brand image for their product (Urde et al. 2013). Globalization has created both opportunities and challenges for many brands. Due to globalization, consumers are now open to many options because similar products have been introduced by many companies. Moreover, consumers make thorough decision at the time of making purchase decision. In such situations, brand names always hold a greater impact in consumer selection decision (Singh 2013). An organization must be able to decide who are its target clients. The target clients are decided by researching on the regular consumers of the organization, based on their demographic details and personal needs and preferences (Buil et al. 2013). Again, the introduction of some unique, breakthrough features can help in the creation of a brand image that can help in providing a distinct identity to the brand. Further, the improvement in the service being provided to the consumers can also remarkably help in the development of the brand image. Most importantly, the organization should adopt strong punch lines that communicate the purpose of the organization in the international market. Whatever tagline be chosen, Union Carbide must ensure that the tagline can appeal to the respective consumers of each of its products. The taglines chosen should reinforce the idea of innovation and uniqueness which the company intends to introduce through each of its products. Further, the company can promote some kinds of positive attributes, such as strength, energy, joy, happiness or confidence through the taglines of its product, which will result in greater acceptability of the product among the masses (Kapferer et al. 2012). While creating brand awareness of the product, some known faces can do wonders for an organization. Hence, Union Carbide can take help of some celebrities, from the field of sports or entertainment industry of the particular country, to represent the brand. This can also help in increasing the brand recognition of the product among the masses (Iglesias et al. 2013) . . Consistent interaction with the consumers, listening to their inquiries, complaints or feedbacks, offering them attractive discounts and vouchers, can help in the swift development of the brand image of Union Carbide. Further, the organization must form a separate social media marketing team that will keep the consumers updated about the CSR activities undertaken by the company, through its various social sites, and official business page. The idea of CSR is based on a concept of shared benefits, and hence this way of publicity of CSR initiatives, will help Union Carbide build a sense of trust in the minds of the consumers towards the brand of the new organization (Blomback and Scandelius 2013). Conclusion: In the present world of competitive market, every organization in order to succeed, must aim at expanding itself beyond the horizons of the local market. However, for the successful expansion of the market the management authority of an organization must be well aware of the cultural differences that become a serious issue, in case of global trade. Hence, the authority of the organization must conduct enough research into the cultural traits of the inhabitants of a particular country, before extending the market to that country. In absence of sufficient knowledge of the cultural traits of a foreign country, there may be several cultural issues or conflicts cropping up, that may spoil the relation of the organization, with its potential stakeholders. Hence, it is important that the employees of the organization are well trained to adjust with the linguistic as well as cultural difference of a foreign country. In addition, the company must adopt meaningful CSR initiatives, whereby it c an draw a large number of potential consumers, by convincing them of the good business motives. Reference List: Bishop, H., Hoang, D.T., Boone, C. and Steinberg, D.H., 2016, January. customer service Hofstedes cultural dimensions in China the USA among accounting information systems professional. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings(Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Blombck, A. and Scandelius, C., 2013. Corporate heritage in CSR communication: a means to responsible brand image?.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,18(3), pp.362-382. Buil, I., De Chernatony, L. and Martnez, E., 2013. Examining the role of advertising and sales promotions in brand equity creation.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.115-122. Haynes, K., Murray, A. and Dillard, J., 2012.Corporate social responsibility: A research handbook. Routledge. Hofer, K.M., 2015. International brand promotion standardization and performance.Management Research Review,38(7), pp.685-702. Iglesias, O., Ind, N. and Alfaro, M., 2013. The organic view of the brand: A brand value co-creation model.Journal of Brand Management,20(8), pp.670-688. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Lii, Y.S. and Lee, M., 2012. Doing right leads to doing well: When the type of CSR and reputation interact to affect consumer evaluations of the firm.Journal of Business Ethics,105(1), pp.69-81. Marquina Feldman, P. and Vasquez-Parraga, A.Z., 2013. Consumer social responses to CSR initiatives versus corporate abilities.Journal of Consumer Marketing,30(2), pp.100-111. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Nyadzayo, M.W., Matanda, M.J. and Ewing, M.T., 2015. The impact of franchisor support, brand commitment, brand citizenship behavior, and franchisee experience on franchisee-perceived brand image.Journal of Business research,68(9), pp.1886-1894. berseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B.B. and Murphy, P.E., 2013. CSR practices and consumer perceptions.Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp.1839-1851. Piaget, J., 2013. 6 Understanding corporate culture.Cross-Cultural Management: A Transactional Approach, p.83. Rallapalli, K.C. and Montgomery, C.D., 2015. Marketing Strategies For Asian-Americans: Guidelines Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. InMinority Marketing: Research Perspectives for the 1990s(pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. Ramesh, R.S. and Goel, P., 2014. Attitude AND Perception of Public towards Business Ethics: Evidence from Select Seven States of India.Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies,5(1), p.47. Raub, S. and Blunschi, S., 2013. The power of meaningful work how awareness of CSR initiatives fosters task significance and positive work outcomes in service employees.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, p.1938965513498300. Singh, D., 2013. The brand personality component of brand goodwill: some antecedents and consequences.Brand equity advertising: Advertising's role in building strong brands, p.83. Singh, D., 2013. The brand personality component of brand goodwill: some antecedents and consequences.Brand equity advertising: Advertising's role in building strong brands, p.83. Singh, S. and Bhadoria, S., 2013. Bhopal gas tragedy: a revisit to pick out some lessons we have forgotten in 28 years.Int. J. ChemTech Res.,5(2), pp.815-819. Unioncarbide.com. (2016).Home. [online] Available at: https://www.unioncarbide.com/ [Accessed 5 Jul. 2016]. Urde, M., Baumgarth, C. and Merrilees, B., 2013. Brand orientation and market orientationFrom alternatives to synergy.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.13-20. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Zaharia, C. and Zaharia, I., 2013. the impact of csr on consumers'attitude and B Costa, R. and Menichini, T., 2013. A multidimensional approach for CSR assessment: the importance of the stakeholder perception.Expert Systems with Applications,40(1), pp.150-161.EHAVIOR.Economics, Management and Financial Markets,8(1), p.118.

The living hell Essay Example For Students

The living hell Essay The Living HellOne of the worst moments in the history of our world is when Adolf Hitler came to power. His terrifying reign in Germany during and shortly after the second world war brought on nothing else but misery, grief, and a community which had now been greatly reduced. Hitler was known for his passionate dislike of Jewish people, (anti-Semitism). In vicious, inhumane ways, Hitler proceeded to torture, experiment on, and exterminate Jews. It was not only Jews however which Hitler wanted to eliminate; he also pursued gypsies and homosexuals. This tyrant used â€Å"living space† and the desire for a â€Å"good† nation of pure Germans as an excuse to satisfy his cruel beliefs and issues with these people. Throughout the course of the war, Hitler sent Jews to concentration camps. These camps where either labour camps, or death camps. Jews received â€Å"special† treatment, and where acknowledged as different from the rest of the society. But Hitler had no mercy ; he had it established that the Jews would all be annihilated. Concentration camps were places where the Jews or enemies of Nazism were sent.. After having been separated and forced to live in ghettos, they were sent off, on long train journeys, without knowing their destination, nor for how long they would be in these trains. People were known to get hysterical, scream that they were going to die, or die inside these trains. The trains were composed of tiny wagons, and each wagon was overloaded with people. There was no place to breath, let alone sit down. They had been told that they were going to be â€Å"resettled† in another ghetto, but little did they know what Hitler meant by â€Å"resettlement†. There was occasionally a little air hole or window through which the night sky could be observed. The train rides were anywhere from a few hours to a few days long, but the passengers were not told this, and therefore did not know how to prepare for these trips. A stra nge smell filled the air as the travellers approached their final destinations, it was the smell of something which was burning, it was the smell of human flesh. We will write a custom essay on The living hell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jews were separated into â€Å"groups† for these camps. If they were healthy, young, and capable, they would be sent to a labour camp. The purpose of these labour camps was to work the prisoners to death, whilst taking advantage of their last strengths to build more camps or other necessities that Hitler demanded. If the poor Jews were weak, handicapped, elderly, or babies, they were sent to a death camp. These camps had one sole purpose; to kill. Inside these death camps, Jews were tortured as well as put through repulsive medical experimentations. Both types of camps contained both the notorious gas chambers, as well as crematoriums. The prisoners in death camps were sent there everyday, and the labour prisoners were sent there for disobeying or for no longer being physically capable of working due to the bad hygiene and feeding conditions. The most infamous concentration camps, with the most torture and death counts were Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthasen, and Treblinka. It is absolutely impossible to explain a level of pain as strong as that experienced by Jews in these camps. All that can be explained is just a mere generalization, or a very small percentage of what people went through. Survivors, which are now very few, still have trouble describing the camps as they were when they were in them. The grief and the trauma in their experience will haunt them forever. .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postImageUrl , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:visited , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active { border:0!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sex Education in the Classroom EssayThe most known of all camps was Auschwitz, the death camp. The first of the two parts was built in 1940. It was so notorious because out of the total of six million prisoners which were killed during the war, approximately two million died in Auschwitz. When prisoners arrived at a camp, they were separated. Men on one side, and women and children on the other. Then, they were stripped from their clothes and all personal belongings and made to stand in rows. They were shaved, and either tattooed with numbers or forced to wear tags to identify them. The point of this was to make them feel like they were no longer human beings, but just lik e rats in a maze which led not to a piece of cheese, but to a piece of death. In this camp, like most other camps, they were sent to gas chambers with Zyklon-B, a gas whose effect is the same as carbon monoxide, it has no odour, but it leads to death by suffocation and intoxication. The chambers were made to look like shower rooms, and the prisoners were first sprayed with ice cold water and then the gas was released. There were no windows in these chambers. However, there was a small peephole, resembling those on hotel doors. On the side outside of the chamber, the hole was covered with glass, so that the Nazis could observe the process. On the inside, the hole was covered with a special screen, to that the victims could not break the glass. Once they were in, there was no way out. The Nazis made sure that nothing would ever happen in order to give them a chance to survive. If they were not sent to gas chambers, the Jews were burned, sometimes dead, sometimes alive. The main reason as to why this crematory was created was because the camps were running out of places to dispose of the bodies. At first, they were placed in mass graves, which were large holes in the ground where the bony, disfigured bodies were dumped. However, these took up too much space. Therefore, Hitler made an addition to his horror camps; crematoriums. These large buildings had a huge tunnel pertruding from the top, and every hour or so, sparks and fumes would erupt from them, then the disgusting smell would spread throughout the camp. Every camp was different from the other, however, Auschwitz was very distinct from the others. In other camps, the SS, Hitler’s army, were the ones in charge of killing the prisoners. But in Auschwitz, it was Jewish prisoners, considered the â€Å"lucky ones† who had to kill their own comrades in the crematories. Hitler also requested that these â€Å"lucky† prisoners be forced to burn their relatives as well, if they were in the same camp. It is unbearable to imagine the emotions which one must feel, being demanded to kill their own family. The next notorious camp on the list was Buchenwald. Buchenwald was created in 1937, in Weimar. This camp was smaller, and also much â€Å"cleaner† than the others. Here, the total known death count was of 56 thousand. It was a labour camp, overworking the prisoners to death, although many others died due to the conditions within the camp, starvation, and lack of hygiene. Few prisoners ever committed suicide, because of their strong faith. Therefore, they went through extreme horror, without ever losing their faith, although they knew their time was approaching. Buchenwald was built in two years, by five hundred of Germany’s prisoners. In March of 1933, Dachau had been opened. It was a death camp, for a different group of people. This camp was made for political prisoners such as Communists or Social Democrats who were considered as â€Å"threats to the state†. In this camp, the total amount of deaths was unsure. The major problem with this camp was the disposal of the bodies, which on average would reach up to 4,176 within 24 hours. The mass graves, containing from 300 to 400 people were taking up too much space, and so the process of cremation began there. It was very common in this camp. The skin of the Jewish people was peeled off before they were burned, and their skin was used for items such as lamp shades for Hitler and his officers. These lamps did not last very long, as the smell of decomposing skin is not an enjoyable smell to have in a household or office. This proves to which extent Hitler was becoming crazy over these exterminations, and to what point he needed to demoralize his victims. In 1938 , by the Danube river, Mauthasen was initiated. This occurred right after Austria was annexed to Germany. It was for all European â€Å"anti-nazis†. There, prisoners, and especially the Soviets, were labelled as â€Å"Ruckkenr- unerwnscht†, meaning â€Å"return undesired†. They were beaten, starved and experimented on. For example, they were placed in special pilot suits, then held down in a tube of water in order to see how long they could sustain these conditions in different types of suits. They were also put into pressure rooms, amputated and injected with diseases to see how they would react. .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .postImageUrl , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:visited , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:active { border:0!important; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:active , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tree Conservation EssayAnother camp, as known as Auschwitz was Treblinka. This camp, unlike the others, was in Poland, between the villages of Siedice and Malkinia. It was first built in December of 1941, and the second part in July of 1942. In the first building, Jews made weapons for the Germans in the war, therefore, it was another labour camp. The second part was, of course, a death camp. Upon arrival at Treblinka II, Jews and gypsies were stripped of clothes and belongings, separated by sex, and gassed to death. The SS were not the ones in charge of the chambers either, instead, Nazi-hired men had that role. They had to collect such things as gold teeth from the bodie s, and remove the corpses from the chambers. In this camp, prisoners tried to revolt, but greatly failed, and received further punishments. Close to another two million prisoners were killed. When the war was over, no more than 90 people were found alive, alive, but barely. Finally, World War II was over, putting and end to of Hitler’s hell. However, so many were dead, and the few that remained would forever be scarred. When the American troops came to release the prisoners, what they found was disgusting. Many Nazi’s ran away, and blew up the camps, in an attempt to cover up the horrors which had occurred within the barb wired walls. Seeing television interviews, or reading accounts from the survivors can bring tears to anyone’s eyes. Some still feel as though they were being pursued, others cannot bring themselves to talk about their experiences and their losses. Simply look at the camp pictures, or look directly into the eyes of the people. Then, you can see their story, and feel their pain. Bibliography:

vision mission staples inc. Essay Example

vision mission staples inc. Essay Example vision mission staples inc. Paper vision mission staples inc. Paper 2. 1 Introduction Vision and mission are important for all company to make an efficient and effective management of the company to achieve their goals. From the vision and mission, the company can do the strategy for the long term to maintain their sustainability and make a good reputation. Staples also have their own vision and mission. By achieving it, they do a variety of initiative and programme that suit to achieve the vision and mission such as Staples Soul and Staples Advantage. however, stakeholders, associates and customers are priority for this company. Because of hem, they can make an improvement, earn profit and open wide range of the stores. Staples also serve a good service for their customer and provide comfortable workplace for their staff. Importance for them to make they always lead in this sector. Office equipment company only depends on customer and stakeholder to go high level and supply the best product for them. So, vision and mission are important for this firm. 2. 2 The Vision of the Firm Staples Inc. vision is to be a worlds leading office product and be the single- source product authority for millions of businesses. The comment for this vision are ood because Staples had achieved this vision as they lead in this market and produce many product by innovating the product to meet the customer needs. Staples will open many stores in worldwide in many countries to make customer easy to buy their product repetitively and want the customer choose their company as the only one supplier office product for their business. This company do not have a specific vision. They always want to maintain what they had done by doing it consistently to achieve the vision and always be the leader in the future. Staples mission is to make it easy to buy office products. By having developed Staples Soul programme, it to help them achieved their mission that is to provide superior value to customers through a combination of low prices, abroad selection of products including eco-conscious choices, high quality and innovative Staples brand product. There are have ten component of mission statement. 2. 3. 1 The Philosophy In philosophy have values and there are sustainability, innovation, committed, accountability and ethics for this company. 2. 3. 1. Sustainability Staples have sustainability value to maintain the companys position and their standard as the leader in this sector by making robust strategy and offer assortment f the product. Staples have the strategy to maintain the sustainability by focusing the ways that can have the greatest beneficial impact on the environment while also meeting the needs of customers and business. 2. 3. 1. 2 Innovation The company also have an innovation valu e because constantly make the improvement of the product and a variety product and technology to the customer. Copy and print and technology services are great examples for this company because after they remodelled stores, expanded the assortment and simplified the technology services offering, the company achieved sustainable top-line growth in both of these igh-margin businesses. 2. 3. 1. 3 Committed Other than that, Staples are committed in continuously improved the system, increasing efficiencies and cost savings that can benefit to the customer. For example, in 2012, Staples launched an e-commerce innovation centre with a team that focused in developing and enhance the e-commerce and mobile commerce capabilities. It can make easy for the customer to purchase a product through internet by using hand phone or computer. 2. 3. 1. 4 Accountability Staples have an accountability value because they responsible for ensuring that the ompany will continuously growth and build a great empire to generate more revenue for keep a cash reserve and ensure stakeholders get their return. 2. 3. 1. 5 Ethics In ethics value, the company ensure that all staff have to follow the guidance of business ethic has been formulated to keep the reputation of the company. Staples also created a new supplier code of conduct for the supplier that manufactured Staples brand products to ensure they can meet the quality, social responsibility and secure standard of the product. Staples may terminate its relationship with that supplier if the supplier fails to do so. . 3. 2 The Self-concept Since the Staples be a leader in the market of the office equipment, stakeholders constantly invest and reinvesting into the business and Staples can enhance the quality of the product and the customer will get an experienced the very best in technology product. Research that I found, Office Depot and Staples had offered same products but each of the products have a categories. In Staples, Staples had provided many varieties in categories than Office Depot. 2. 3. 3 The Customer Staples believe that customer is the priority in this business and they put their ervice. Staples responsible to provide the equipment to students, lecturers, businessmen and all others that used the Staples products. 2. 3. The Products/ Services Staples manage to offer the best in affordable recycled products and to make it easy for customers and associates to recycle the product and the customer also can repeat buying the product through internet or hand phone. Staples had developed and enhance the e-commerce and mobile commerce capabilities. It can make easy for the customer to purchase a product through internet by using hand phone or computer. 2. 3. 5 The Market With thousands of associates worldwide dedicated to making it easy for businesses of all sizes, Staple s operates throughout North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. The company is headquartered outside Boston. It can make big opportunity to expand the business and be the single-source of products. 2. 3. 6 The Technology Staples having access to a network of dedicated IT experts and one of the widest selections of technology products in the industry, all from a single national provider. Staples also provide Copy and Print Technology services and be the top in this echnology by remodelled the products and expand the assortment of the products. 2. 3. Survival, Growth and Profitability Seventh component is concern for survival, growth and profitability by serving the worldwide with the quality product and affordable to all people that can buy it and can get return or profit constantly and always growth smoothly and can survive for the future. Staples create Staples Soul program by providing superior value to customers through a combination of low prices, abroad selection of products including eco-conscious choices, high quality and innovative Staple s brand product. 2. 3. Corporate Social Responsibility Staples helped the community by doing the charity by helping the needy people by thanking to their customer because always support their products and be the leader in this market. Staples do the charity every year to make them feel thankful. Staples supports communities nationwide by providing resources to non-profit organizations that provide educational opportunities for all people, with a special emphasis on disadvantaged youth. Other than that, Staples also commitment with the environment by implementing a variety of programmes to make customer easy to recycle. 2. . 9 The Employees hey is valuable for company by recruiting them with a good training, give a reward for those good in applying a services for customer and make sure the employees follow the business ethics that had been formulated to be the best company. Staples also provide good workplace for their employees because make them comfortable while working. 2. 3. 10 The Shareholders For the last component of mission statement is stakeholders interest. Stakeholders invest in Staples after they read what are the companys vision and mission. For overall, because of a good product that provided by Staples. Staples care about the roduct that created by supplier and make a new supplier code of conduct to meet innovate the product and always care about their stakeholders and make sure the stakeholders get their return with a good margin. 2. 4 Conclusion As can I conclude here, the vision and mission of Staples is clear and objective. It also workable and powerful because its based on things that Staples is already doing well. Staples also have deep relationships with more than 10 million business customers who trust the Staples brand. They have significant buying power and decades of product expertise, including Staples brand offering. Healthy of companys cash flow can invest in growth. For overall of the most powerful component of mission statement for Staples is customer because customer is always right and they believe with services that they provide for the customer, it can attract customer to buy Staples brand products and it can make stakeholders interest to invest in Staples company because they can get more return. By reinvesting in the Staples , Staples can produce many high quality product and enhance the very best technology that can supply to their customer. Customer is priority for Staples.

Analysis Of Multiple Theories Of Human Evolution History Essay

Analysis Of Multiple Theories Of Human Evolution History Essay The study of evolution in and of itself can be controversial to some. However, within the scientific community it is regarded as the broadly accepted idea that every living thing is derived from what came before and the tiny gradual mutations that arose through millions of years. To that end, there is much debate on certain aspects of particular mutations. Specifically, the debate surrounding the circumstances of human evolution can certainly be seen as contentious. Notwithstanding those who disavow evolution in its entirety, within the scientific community itself, there are several different schools of thought. More notably, the differing theories challenge each other with regard to when homo sapiens first appeared. But while each idea of human progression may differ, they are each rooted in strong empirical, but still limited, evidence. In scientific terms, before establishing how homo sapiens have come to be, we must first examine where they have come from. According to Cynthia S tokes Brown, author of Big History, â€Å"Five to 7 million years ago some mutation occurred in an ape ancestor and survived, and from that single mutation other single mutations kept occurring in the branch called hominids, the bipedal apesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦These genetic changes took place repeatedly in the same place-eastern Africa.† All major scientific theories regarding human evolution begin with this accepted premise, as Brown states, â€Å"For at least 3 million years human development occurred only in Africa; hominids did not live anywhere else, although apes lived in Europe and Asia as well.† There is an important point to be made in saying that although apes lived in other continents, human development took place exclusively in eastern Africa. One must acknowledge the distinct characteristics of Africa that fostered bipedal evolution in the first place. Eastern Africa, with its abundance of animals and plant life, is significant because of how it became conduciv e to and instrumental in helping shape human evolution. Brown writes, Eastern Africa is tropical; our lack of hairiness indicates that we evolved from tropical animals. To become humans, tropical apes came down from trees to live on grasslands; we are creatures of grasslands, not forests. The geography that could mold human development is found in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. This helps one to understand the origin of homo sapiens and what conditions helped bipeds thrive sometime between 1 and 1.8 million years ago. Additionally, in deriving all of this information one realizes the arduous work involved in documenting and compiling evidence that dates back millions of years. One can recognize the power of human thought and reason, a result of evolution itself. It is in the migration out of Africa where a sometimes contentious debate arises in the scientific community. The distinction is made just after the presence of homo erectus. Whereas one theory describes homo sapie ns in direct lineage to the groups of homo erectus which migrated out of the Great Rift Valley region, known as the Multiregional theory, the more widely accepted thought is described as the Noah’s Ark Theory. The inference made by that name is that we were all in the same boat, Africa, and then migrated out about 100,000 to 200,000 years ago, some million years after the first homo erectus left Africa. Essentially it boils down to the question of whether or not those who left Africa evolved along with those who remained into homo sapiens or that those who left died off as a different species entirely.